Free Essays on Theatricallity In The Ancient World

Theatricality in the Ancient World On November 19, Professor William Slater spoke of how theatre was in the ancient world and how it is in modern day. In the medieval days the text was extremely important and in present day it is the other away around – it is dramatics over text. Professor Slater touched on the loss of accent on texts, the influence of archeology on theatre, and the advent of social science on theatre. Firstly, in the past, up until probably about 1970, the text/script given to actors was more so read than it was acted. For example, before you would chose when a character entered and exited. And on the side of the margin it would be written, â€Å"now Helen will exit†. This had to be improved and in coming years, it did, and only got better with time. He also spoke of dynamism. Mainly, the same script and text would be read but with more enthusiasm or more expression. For instance, â€Å"isn’t it a surprise that I’m home?†. Depending on how the text was expressed would make a huge difference on the effect the same text would have, and would basically create better drama. Secondly, he spoke of the influence of archeology on theatre. At first the stages were immensely large (approximately 85 yards wide and 65 yards deep) and not at all intimate. Then the Athenians began to make smaller theatres that held fewer people that allowed for actors to project their voices throughout the entire room and to control audiences more easily. The Athenians built the Megalopolis and the Agamemnon (which was the only round theatre at the time, all the others were rectangular). Theatres were not only used for theatrics but for various reasons, such as a place for citizens to meet, political assemblies, etc. Later, Athens built the Epidalris. This theatre was built very mathematically (it was greatly influenced by Plato), was built on the bases of a pentagon, and seating was in two rows (prime numbers which w... Free Essays on Theatricallity In The Ancient World Free Essays on Theatricallity In The Ancient World Theatricality in the Ancient World On November 19, Professor William Slater spoke of how theatre was in the ancient world and how it is in modern day. In the medieval days the text was extremely important and in present day it is the other away around – it is dramatics over text. Professor Slater touched on the loss of accent on texts, the influence of archeology on theatre, and the advent of social science on theatre. Firstly, in the past, up until probably about 1970, the text/script given to actors was more so read than it was acted. For example, before you would chose when a character entered and exited. And on the side of the margin it would be written, â€Å"now Helen will exit†. This had to be improved and in coming years, it did, and only got better with time. He also spoke of dynamism. Mainly, the same script and text would be read but with more enthusiasm or more expression. For instance, â€Å"isn’t it a surprise that I’m home?†. Depending on how the text was expressed would make a huge difference on the effect the same text would have, and would basically create better drama. Secondly, he spoke of the influence of archeology on theatre. At first the stages were immensely large (approximately 85 yards wide and 65 yards deep) and not at all intimate. Then the Athenians began to make smaller theatres that held fewer people that allowed for actors to project their voices throughout the entire room and to control audiences more easily. The Athenians built the Megalopolis and the Agamemnon (which was the only round theatre at the time, all the others were rectangular). Theatres were not only used for theatrics but for various reasons, such as a place for citizens to meet, political assemblies, etc. Later, Athens built the Epidalris. This theatre was built very mathematically (it was greatly influenced by Plato), was built on the bases of a pentagon, and seating was in two rows (prime numbers which w...

How to Easily Mix Your Own Tattoo Ink

How to Easily Mix Your Own Tattoo Ink These are instructions for preparing a tattoo ink. The tutorial should only be used by persons who have received training in aseptic techniques. It takes about 1-1.5 hours. Otherwise, use this information to help ask informed questions of a tattoo professional. Does your tattooist know exactly what is in his or her ink? What You Need to Make Your Own Tattoo Ink Dry PigmentVodkaGlycerine, medical gradePropylene GlycolBlenderSafety EquipmentSterile Ink Bottles Homemade Tattoo Ink Instructions Use clean, sterile materials (see note below), put on a paper mask and gloves.Mix until clear: about 7/8 quart vodka, 1 tablespoon glycerine, and 1 tablespoon propylene glycol.In blender or jar that fits on blender, add an inch or two of powdered pigment and stir in enough liquid from step 2 to create a slurry.Blend on a low speed for about 15 minutes, then on a medium speed for an hour. If you are using a jar on the blender, release pressure buildup every fifteen minutes or so.Use a baster to siphon ink or pour it through a funnel into ink bottles. You may add a sterile marble or glass bead to each bottle to aid in mixing.Store the ink away from sunlight or fluorescent lighting, since ultraviolet radiation will alter some pigments.Keeping track of the amounts of liquid and powdered pigment will help you make consistent batches and improve your technique.You can use smaller amounts of glycerine and propylene glycol, but probably not larger amounts. Too much glycerine will make the in k oily and too much glycol will form a hard shell on top of the ink. If you are not conversant with aseptic techniques, dont make your own ink! Tips for Success Obtain dry pigment from a tattoo supply house. It is much more difficult to order pure pigment directly from a chemical supplier. One natural pigment is carbon black, obtained from completely burning wood.You may substitute Listerine or witch hazel for the vodka. Some people use distilled water. I dont recommend rubbing alcohol or methanol. Water is not antibacterial.While your supplies should be clean and sterile, do not heat-sterilize pigments or their mixtures. The pigment chemistry will change and may become toxic.Although pigments normally are not toxic, you need a mask because breathing pigment particles can cause permanent lung damage.You can use mason jars directly on the blender as long as you unscrew them periodically during mixing to prevent overpressure breakage from heating.

Environmental Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Environmental Health Assessment - Essay Example Policymakers manipulate the real world to match formulae†. He further noted that the ability of risk assessment to provide clear guidance has been â€Å"overstated by risk assessors and overused by regulators and lawmakers†. We can infer from this that the latitude of uncertainty brought about by myriads of factors lend a propensity to appropriate the measure in accordance with one’s interest or advocacy. However, we do not preclude the validity of the concerns of the citizens. As noted by Contini, et al (1991), a risk analysis on the accidental release of ammonia conducted by teams of scientist from eleven European countries resulted in eleven risk estimates whose numerical results were dictated or dependent on many assumptions introduced during every step of the risk analysis. In presentation as to the uses, limitation and abuses of risk assessment, risk assessments are being used as tool/proof to advance technologies as hard science using unrealistic assumptions which are kept hidden and not stated openly (Howard). This gives credence to the citizen’s concern that there seem to be blind adherence or faith in assessments masked as hard science but oftentimes are based on unrealistic assumptions. So their clamor for validly tested models in assessing population exposure seems justifiable on this account. However, requiring that exposure assessments be based only on validated models do not in itself guarantee the integrity of an exposure assessment. In a study on Validation Strategy for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokenitic (IEUBK) Model for Lead in Children, the model has been admitted to be inadequate in prediction simply because of the multiplicity of specific variability and hence the model can be applied only to individual data sets due to â€Å"many community-specific characteristics which may be difficult to quantify† (Environment Protection Agency [EPA], 1994). However, as applied to environmental

Court Observations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Court Observations - Research Paper Example The observations made by me in the Bennington District Court are categorised under body language and appearances, the messages conveyed by the body and the dressing patterns of the people at the hearing. However, every action depicted possesses a psychological perspective, that determines the observed actions of the people in question. Therefore, such observations can be supported with explanations, behind such reflexive body languages of people. The following study was conducted at the Bennington District Court House located in Bennington, Vermont. The study is a brief survey of the attitudes of the people appearing in court. The following observations were made by me not only in the recent few days, but also over the course of the last few months. I made these observations while working as a deputy sheriff in the Bennington District Court. Most of the people observed were in the lower/middle class. There was a wide variety in the appearance of the people observed. It is difficult to narrow it down to a certain body image. There were people of all ages, from all social classes, and all different appearances. However, it was apparent that many of the people observed appeared to be drug users, based upon certain characteristics of their body image. A majority of the people were also smokers, as I observed cigarettes in most people's handbags while entering the court, and most people took several "smoke breaks" between hearings. Dress There were people dressed very poorly to very extravagantly. The majority of the lower class did not make any effort to dress up for their hearings, possibly because many were repeat guests of the court, and they saw no need to dress up. Many first-time offenders at court seem to dress much more appropriately, probably to make a good impression of the judge. Body Messages Many people appeared to be nervous and uncomfortable, understandably. Repeat offenders seemed to be much more relaxed because they know what to expect, and they have been through the process before. For some repeat offenders, it is a part of their lifestyle. There are some people that are constantly in and out of court. For these people, it is no big deal. For first time offenders, it is clear that they are much more uncomfortable. They are not familiar with the court system, and often feel that they do not belong there mixed in with the repeat offenders who are there on a regular basis. Appendix B

Comparing Physiology Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Comparing Physiology Worksheet Essay In this assignment you describe and compare the circulatory, skeletal, and respiratory systems of sharks, iguanas, eagles, and humans. Answer each of the following questions in 25 to 50 words. Circulatory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s  circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? What is similar in all of these circulatory systems? What is different in all of these circulatory systems? Respiratory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? What is similar in all of these respiratory systems? What is different in all of these respiratory systems? Skeletal System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? What is similar in all of these skeletal systems? What is different in all of these skeletal systems?

traglear The Tragic Truth of King Lear :: King Lear essays

The Tragic Truth of King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear is another story of a soul in torment, a "purgatorial" story. Again the tragic writer has internalized a commonplace action, the facts of which were legendary and presumably known to Shakespeare's audience. Like the Poet of Job, who dramatized the tragic alternatives to the folk story, and like Marlowe, who saw the elements of tragic dilemma in the story of Faustus, Shakespeare transformed the tale of the mythical, pre-Christian King Lear ("who ruled over the Britons in the year of the world 3105, at what time Joas ruled in Judah") into a dramatic action whose shape and quality define Christian tragedy in its full development. This is not to say (as it should now be clear) that the play accords with Christian doctrine --- certainly not the Christian view of death and salvation, although the values of the Christian ethics are abundantly illustrated. Nor does the term "Christian tragedy" make a statement about the author's faith or lack of it. It suggests the meeting in a single dramatic action of the non-Christian (Greek, pagan, or humanist) with the Christian to produce a world of multiplied alternatives, terrible in its inconclusiveness --- as, for instance, the "terrifying ambiguity" with which Faustus confronts us --- in which the certainties of revealed Christianity lose the substance of faith and become only tantalizing possibilities hovering about but not defining the action, like Horatio's "flights of angels" or the "holy water" of Cordelia's tears. Marlowe followed out the old story, even to the devils carrying off Faustus amidst thunder; but his actual Hell is humanist ("Where we are is hell," said Mephistophilis) and, like the Heaven Faustus reached for in the end, functions in the play less as an objective Christian belief than as a way of dramatizing inner reality. The one absolute reality that Faustus discovered, and the absolute reality all tragedy affirms and to which Christian tragedy gives new emphasis and infinite di mension, was the reality of what Christianity calls the soul --- that part of man, or element of his nature, which transcends time and space, which may have an immortal habitation, and which is at once the seat and the cause of his greatest struggle and greatest anxiety. Compared with Faustus, King Lear shows this situation in a much vaster ramification, until it seems to touch the highest ("the gods that keep the dreadful pudder o'er our heads") and the lowliest, and is finally caught up in a Greeklike fate that carries the action to a swift and terrible conclusion.

Obesity Essay

Obesity is an eating disorder and a condition where your Body Mass Index (BMI) is 30 or greater. It is genetic or it depends on your eating habits. This can affect your mental, psychological and physical health leaving you with inabilities to cope up with your daily life. The causes that affect people include lack of breath, having difficulties to sleep, increased sweating, snoring, inability to cope with sudden physical activity, feeling very tired and fatigued every day, and finally back pains.Some symptoms include high blood pressure, high cholesterol problems, heart diseases which lead to heart attacks and fatal strokes which can make you disabled are mainly caused by your inability to exercise . People may have lack of breath because when they breathe, they might not get back enough oxygen for it to go all parts of the body. They might have difficulty to sleep due to lack of breath, snore loudly since they get very tired easily. They get fatigued really easily because they donâ €™t have a lot of energy. They have back pains because they might need to walk a lot.They might have long term problems like high blood pressure, cholesterol, heart attacks and fatal strokes because of their eating habits and their inability to exercise. Obesity can be overcome through a technology called adjustable stomach band which is the safe process replacing stomach stapling as it is very unsafe. Gastric Banding is when they attach a band to your lower part of the torso and they tighten. This works because it triggers your senses not to eat food which makes you thinner and light. After the procedure, which tkes an hor to complete, the doctor can adjust the band so it keeps the size of your new smaller body.Gastric Balloon is a non-surgical way of overcoming obesity. The put a tiny balloon in your mouth and they make you drink a special liquid called â€Å"sterile saline fluid† to expand it. When the balloon is full it will float freely in your body. It takes about s ix months to complete as it is not as effective as gastric banding. This can also cause many health threat as mentioned above. Another process that can help overcome obesity is gastric stapling surgery. It works by them stapling 2 special staples which creates a small pouch where they put a gastric band according to the size you want your new body to be.This solves the problem because it help you to resist eating fat foods and tells your body to work out more. After the procedure, they remove the staples but the band still stays for two more weeks to ensure your body size remains the same. It is very unsafe as it has caused many fatalities as they staples came out and they stomach burst. This is also referred to as gastric stomach stapling. I chose gastric sleeve as it is safe compared to other processes used to lose weight and get rid of your weight pretty slowly compared to other procedures like gastric banding and stapling.It helps you lose the weight faster but is more expensive . It is less complicated rather than stapling your stomach through staples and ensure you out the staples in the correct position and place the band in the correct part and they make it the correct length depending on your weight and BMI. The Gastric Sleeve is used for people who have a BMI of more than 38. It is used to loose weight extra fast as it keeps only 25% of your original body size. The Neel Bagai 8. 4 (T3) procedure takes about a year and a half to complete. It solves the problem by losing 3/4 of your weight.Positive Impacts of Gastric Sleeve: It is safe to do as it is less complicated as they don’t have to cut anything or place anything You don’t need any special devices like a gastric band while the surgery is going on. Negative Effects of the Gastric Sleeve: This has many side effects like you start vomiting, diarrhea and dumping syndrome by becoming moody and your attitude starts to change. Effects: This affects the economy because it costs about US $10, 000 for the surgery but of you need to do gastric banding surgery afterwards, you need to pay an extra $7,000.You even need to take both medical and life insurance, which is optional. Doctors recommend it as it can have medical effects on you. This affects the world socially as you might have to take some time off work to see doctors biweekly for them to see if any problems have occurred with the gastric sleeve. He will even question you about you going through any side effects. After every two months, with the results, he will decide if the gastric sleeve will need to be removed from your torso.

Integrated Marketing Communication

During the last decade of the twentieth century, the concept of integrated marketing communications (IMC) received considerable attention from practitioners and academics alike, and that interest has continued into the new millennium (e. g. , Bearden and Madden 1996; Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005; Garretson and Burton 2005; Nowak and Phelps 1994; Schultz and Kitchen 2000a; Schumann, Artis, and Rivera 2001). As the marketplace has become more fragmented over the years, organizations have embraced IMC as a means to effectively and efficiently target and attract the splintering mass market through the transmission of a unified message across all â€Å"contact points† between organizations and their consumers. Whether the contact point is product packaging, a Web advertisement, or any other â€Å"information bearing experience that a consumer or prospect has with a brand† (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. 1), the goal is to present a message to an audience that is consistent (Duncan 1993) and/or to generate valuable customer information (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002; Yarborough 1996). In short, utilization and coordination of various promotion and communication tools is necessary to assure optimal market coverage (Stewart 1996) and to develop a strong marketing program (Nowak and Phelps 1994). Despite its potential contributions, debate still exists regarding the significance of IMC as a practice (e. g. , Cook 2004; Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Gould 2001). Questions pertaining to the prevalence of IMC in the marketplace (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and regarding its differential applicability across product type (e. g. , Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) remain. This study was designed to help answer these questions. In recent years, the concept of IMC has made its way into the mainstream of the marketing literature (Duncan and Caywood 1996; Nowak and Phelps 1994; Schultz 2003; Schultz and Kitchen 1997, 2000b; Zahay et al. 2004). This has occurred despite the fact that, in reality, there is no universally agreed upon definition of IMC (e. g. , Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Kliatchko 2005; Schultz and Kitchen 1997; Stewart 1996) and IMC appears to be an evolving concept (Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005). While a â€Å"working definition of integrated marketing communication is hard to come by† (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. xv), one simple characterization of the phenomenon poses IMC as the coordination of communication tools for a brand (Krugman et al. 1994). Central to the concept of IMC is the notion that effective communication is accomplished by blending various communication forms–for example, advertising, publicity, sales promotion, and so forth–into a single, seamless entity (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). Furthermore, when it is well devised, IMC can generate information that can be used to identify and target different types of consumers with customized communication (Schultz 1997) and, ultimately, help to build a strong relationship with them (Duncan 2002). In a sense, then, IMC involves a process that is circular in nature–a sort of two-way communication between organizations and consumers that gathers and stores responses to communication and uses that information to effectively target consumers in future efforts (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002; Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993). A review of the phenomenon in practice performed by Nowak and Phelps (1994) uncovered three broad manifestations of integrated marketing communication: IMC as â€Å"integrated communication,† IMC as â€Å"‘one voice' communication,† and IMC as a â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaign. † While the distinction among the three manifestations is sometimes hazy, each one poses a slightly different approach that organizations may take to create messages that are uniform in tone and look (Duncan 1993). The â€Å"integrated communications† approach involves promoting brand image and direct audience behavior simultaneously by coupling devices such as brand advertising and public relations communications with consumer sales promotions and direct response tools within an organization's marketing-communication materials, particularly advertisements (Peltier, Mueller, and Rosen 1992). For instance, an ad that contains a direct-response tool (e. g. , a coupon), a public relations appeal (e. g. , support of an esteemed social cause), and brand advertising (e. g. depiction and description of the offering) would reflect the integrated communication form of IMC. A key outcome of this approach is the acquisition of consumer information that is captured when consumers respond to direct-response tools, sales promotions, and the like (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The â€Å"one voice† approach reflects a firm's focus on a single positioning strategy that emphasizes unity among brand/ image advertising, direct-response advertising, public relations, and consumer sales promotions at the outset of a promotional campaign (Reilly 1991; Snyder 1991). In this approach, the position, message, or theme is what ultimately guides an organization's IMC decisions, which ostensibly could be rendered independently by the firm's advertising, public relations, and sales promotion agencies (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The third approach, â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaigns,† stresses the need to integrate the activities of different marketing-communication disciplines (e. g. , sales promotions, advertising, and public relations) in order to reach multiple audiences with a synergistic effort (Rapp and Collins 1990; Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993). The â€Å"coordinated marketing communication† approach differs from the â€Å"one voice† manifestation of IMC in that it does not simply focus on a single brand position; rather, multiple positions are the norm (Nowak and Phelps 1994), with a goal of targeting multiple audiences (Rapp and Collins 1990). A further comparison of the three forms of integrated marketing communication reveals that the â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaign† and â€Å"one voice† approaches to IMC involve an organization's communication activity at a broad level of application, whereas the â€Å"integrated communications† manifestation encompasses a more microlevel application. More precisely, the first two manifestations involve integration across communication campaigns, whereas the latter one entails integration within particular communication devices, such as advertisements. For example, early indications following Super Bowl XL suggested that the ads broadcast during the event were successful not only in terms of their brand advertising, but also in terms of direct response, as evidenced by the increased traffic to the advertisers' Web sites (Horovitz 2006). Of the three forms of IMC, it is the integrated communications† approach that appears to be the one most often utilized in practice (Phelps, Plumley, and Johnson 1994) and the one that is the focus of this study. One broad goal of our research is to discern how the â€Å"integrated communications† form of IMC is manifested in practice. Integrated Marketing Communication Research While the phenomenon of integrated marketing communications has received widespread attention over the past 15 years, there have been very few empirical investigations of its incidence and application. The scant research findings that are available suggest that IMC is perceived to be valuable by practitioners (Duncan and Everett 1993; Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and that its utilization seems to be increasing. For example, one early study found that approximately two-thirds of consumer product companies employed IMC in some manner (Caywood, Schultz, and Wang 1991), while a later investigation reported that 75% of the organizations surveyed had adopted IMC in one way or another (Phelps, Plumley, and Johnson 1994). A more recent investigation revealed that 95 % of Fortune 500 executives responding to an inquiry indicated that their company used IMC to some degree and that nearly the same percentage was at least somewhat satisfied with its results (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). It bears noting that most of these findings are based on respondents' perceptions and may not reflect IMC as actually practiced. In general, most of the examination of IMC has focused on its perceived value and beliefs regarding its potential among packaged or durable-goods marketers. By comparison, there is little documentation of the actual existence or prevalence of IMC in these or other market contexts (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). The scant published research on the actual practice of integrated marketing communication suggests that organizations involved in green marketing have been slow to adopt IMC principles in their advertising (Carlson et al. 1996). Meanwhile, retail and consumer service organizations appear to use media and message delivery elements associated with integrated approaches, yet lack strong coordination among these IMC components (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). In a further examination of IMC across different business firms (i. e. , business-to-business, retailing, services, and consumer product), it was discovered that coordination among IMC components does indeed exist, yet the selection of specific marketing communication activities differs significantly among the business types (McArthur and Griffin 1997). Given the contradictory results and scarce empirical research, there appears to be a need for further examination of IMC and marketers' activities to plan and execute its implementation (Duncan and Everett 1993; Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). Integrated Marketing Communication and Product Type Based on the research results discussed above, IMC appears to be a practice that is used across business contexts, but in different ways (e. g. , McArthur and Griffin 1997; Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). McArthur and Griffin observe, â€Å"different product-market situations demand different communication tools and techniques† (1997, p. 5). Hence, it is not surprising that a study of media usage within IMC programs revealed differential emphasis on some media when comparing services and retailing firms (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) or comparing across services, retailing, business-to-business, and consumer product organizations (McArthur and Griffin 1997). There is even some indication that consumer product firms lag behind others in terms of the degree of attention they accord to IMC (McArthur and Griffin 1997). In addition, and as suggested by Duncan (2005), IMC may be particularly relevant within the services sector. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the nature of the product that an organization offers may affect the emphasis it places on IMC and its utilization of different communication materials. Further supporting the notion that the nature of the promoted product may be related to the adoption of IMC is a body of literature that indicates that the advertising of services differs substantively from the advertising of physical goods in several ways (e. g. , George and Berry 1981; Grove, Pickett, and Laband 1995; Legg and Baker 1987; Mittal 1999; Shostack 1977; Stafford and Day 1995). For example, since services are essentially performances (Gronroos 1990; Grove and Fisk 1983) and not things that can be displayed (e. g. , insurance, health care, an airline flight), it is difficult for organizations to communicate about them and for customers to grasp what it is they are likely to receive (Lovelock and Wirtz 2004; Shostack 1977; Zeithaml 1981). Many years ago, in her seminal paper establishing the nature of service products, Shostack (1977) stressed that marketers must strive to â€Å"integrate† evidence of service offerings to compensate for their innate intangibility. She argued that such an effort should involve controlling a broad range of potential clues to foster a concrete, â€Å"total impression† of the service. Essentially, that effort entails coordinating various communicative devices associated with a service and its delivery, including the content of service advertising. George and Berry (1981) similarly argue for the importance of presenting a uniform message as one of the six guidelines for advertising a service. From their viewpoint, â€Å"advertising continuity,† that is, continually using distinctive symbols, formats, and/or themes can reinforce a service's image and differentiate it from the competition. Ostensibly, the creation of a consistent and uniform perception of the service product might also be accomplished as one outcome of effective integrated marketing communications. Yet in a comprehensive overview of the services advertising literature several years ago, Tripp (1997) identified IMC as one of several phenomena related to service advertising's message structure and execution that needed further study. A recent examination of advertisements across various categories of services found a high incidence of IMC portrayed within the ads (i. e. , over 60% of the ads reflected IMC), yet argued that there was room for improvement in terms of the degree of integration that was present (Grove, Carlson, and Dorsch 2002). However, a comparison of advertisements for goods versus services with respect to incidence and character of IMC has yet to be performed, despite the potential applicability of IMC in the area of services promotion (Duncan 2005).

Interventions for Special Education Students

Interventions for Special Education Students Teaching students with special needs comes with unique responsibilities and enormous rewards. Modifications- both to your physical classroom and to your teaching style- are often necessary to accommodate them. Modifications mean change while making accommodations means adapting to those things you cant change- existing circumstances. Interventions involve skill-building strategies that are designed to move special students to more advanced academic levels. Do you and your classroom have what it takes? Heres a checklist of strategies to help you develop a  classroom that should meet the needs of all your students. ___ Special needs students should be within close proximity to the teacher or the teachers assistant. ___ Implement procedures that are well understood by all your students to keep noise levels at an acceptable level. The Yacker Tracker is a worthwhile investment. ___ Create a special carrel or private location for taking tests, and/or revise existing seating to accommodate students who more acutely need to be free of distractions for ultimate success.   ___ Eliminate as much clutter as you can. This will also help keep distractions to a minimum. ___ Try to avoid presenting instructions or directions only verbally. Use graphic organizers, as well as written or graphical instructions. ___ Clarifications and reminders should be given as regularly as necessary. ___ Needy students should have agendas which you give them regularly and that you refer to yourself. ___ Communication between home and school should be in place for all students, but particularly for those students with special needs. Your relationship and interaction with a childs parents or guardian can be an invaluable tool and ensure consistency between the classroom and home. ___ Break down assignments and work into manageable chunks, particularly for students with attention span deficits. Provide frequent breaks. Make learning fun, not a draining challenge. A tired child is never at his most receptive to new information. ___ Your classroom expectations should be clearly outlined and understood, as well as consequences for inappropriate behaviors. Your approach for conveying this information will depend on the individual special needs of the children involved.   ___ Extra assistance should be available when needed, either from yourself or from a more accomplished peer. ___ Praise students when you catch  them doing things correctly, but dont overdo it. The praise should be a real reward, not something that happens over every small accomplishment but rather in response to a string of related accomplishments. ___ Use behavior contracts to target specific behaviors.   ___ Make  sure students are familiar with and understand your curing and prompting system that helps them stay on task. ___ Never begin instructions or directions until you have the undivided attention of your entire class. ___ Allow additional wait time for your special needs students. ___ Provide special needs students with regular, ongoing feedback and always promote their self-esteem. ___ Make sure all your learning experiences really do  promote learning. ___ Provide activities that are multi-sensory and that  take learning styles into consideration.   ___ Allow time to let your special needs students repeat instructions and directions. ___ Modify and/or shorten assignments to ensure success. ___ Have methods in place so students can have text written to them and so they can dictate their answers. ___ Provide opportunities for cooperative learning. Working together in groups often helps to clarify misconceptions for learning delayed students.

How to Weed - and Edit - and Work - Effectively

How to Weed - and Edit - and Work - Effectively In my newsletter last week, I wrote about weeding. The letter did not go out until Friday- a notoriously bad day to send out a newsletter- so I am expanding on the theme in a full-out blog. Weeding is an art. We all know that if you don’t weed out the roots of a plant, the plant will grow back. There are many metaphors for this phenomenon. But that’s not what I’m going to talk about today. I’m reflecting instead on the process of weeding. When I go into my garden to weed, I find I’m more effective if I choose the type of weed I’m going to pull: â€Å"Today I’m going to pull out all the grass in my garden.† â€Å"Today I’m going to pull out all the lemon balm.† When my eyes and brain are looking for one particular thing, I have a much easier time spotting it than if I were to say â€Å"I’m going to weed all types of weeds today† or â€Å"I’m going to pick tomatoes and weed as I do it.† Sometimes it can also work to weed a small area of everything that is NOT the lettuce, or the tomato, or the garlic. Again, my brain is focused on one thing, in one small space. When I’m unfocused, I miss a lot of things. Even the thought of weeding my entire garden of everything I don’t want there raises my heart rate and sends me into overwhelm. Its simply too much to do, especially when I have so many other tasks pulling for my attention! I need to take one thing at a time. Weeding is like editing. Like my experience of weeding, if I limit myself to one thing I do a better job. Looking through a document to check for periods at the end of each bullet, or to check for extra spaces, means I’m likely to catch the one thing I’m looking for. Did I overuse the word â€Å"that†? Or â€Å"just†? Or â€Å"really†? It works best to search on each of those words one at a time. Conversely, if I try to find every error, I’ll probably miss a bunch of them. [For a list of common errors to look for, see The Write Life’s 25 Editing Tips for Tightening Your Copy] Despite knowing the downsides of overcommitment in proofreading, my brain often wants to do everything at once and fix everything at once. It takes some wrangling to get myself to concentrate on one thing at a time, especially in this age of distraction. In fact, as I sat down to write this blog I went to do some research on multitasking and ended up doing something else before getting to my Google search. Then my phone rang and I took the call before finally getting back to my article. Have I lost your attention yet? Perhaps I have. I am talking about multitasking, and I have taken you along for the ride†¦ and we all know by now that our brains are not wired for multitasking! Here’s a great article, Multitasking is Killing Your Brain, that describes how multitasking lowers your work quality and productivity, harms your IQ (possibly permanently), increases stress levels, and simply exhausts you. Weeding can be an antidote to multitasking. There is practice to be had in concentrating on one thing at a time, and we could all stand to do a lot more of it. It’s time for me to get out into my garden.

Organization Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Intervention - Essay Example Some researchers contend employees who are spending more hours working have less time for family responsibilities, leisure activities or personal development (Rochon, 2000). It is therefore reasonable to assume these long hours of work would have a direct impact on employee’s work/life balance. Intervention Corporate America has seen a dramatic shift in work dynamics over recent years. Days of traditional 9-5 work done from within a corporate office building are evanescing and being replaced by the virtual office, a phenomenon known as telecommuting. Today more than ever before, workers are using portable electronic tools to carry out work away from a conventional office setting, often without leaving the home. In order to maximize the outcome of this new era, organizations will need to stay abreast to this shift, and will need to be to understand and grasp its intricacies. Telecommuting is one solution that can be used by Eddie Bauer Inc. to improve effectiveness and efficien cy in the workplace. Previous research has proven it difficult to delineate a universally agreed upon and comprehensive definition of telecommuting. This is likely a result of the wide variety of tasks that can now be carried out remotely and the sheer number of ways in which accomplishment of these tasks can be achieved (Harpaz, 2002). Some have defined telecommuting as "whenever an employee is paid for work done at an alternative worksite and total commuting time is thereby reduced" (Gibson, Blackwell, Dominicis, & Demerath, 2002, p. 76). Others consider telecommuting to be working wherever is needed to in order to satisfy client needs (Gibson et al., 2002), and still there are other definitions of telecommuting incorporating self-employed, formal or informal agreements, and percentage of time spent working at alternative worksites. While many operationalizations of telecommuting have been presented, emphasis on the utilization of electronic communications from home or another loc ation as the primary channel of contact between the paid work carried out and the employing organization, its members, and customers has been a consistent feature noted across literature to date (Gainey, Kelley, & Hill, 1999). This paper defines telecommuting as working from home on a regular basis and does not include supplemental or additional work taken home at night (Virick, 2002). Review of Intervention The first telecommuter on record was a Boston bank president who, in 1877, installed a phone line between his bank and home. Although telework was foreseen as a viable organizational possibility as early as 1950 (Hill et al., 1998), telecommuting itself was not formally introduced until the 1970's when companies considered telework a method of protection from fuel shortages during the OPEC oil crisis (Hill et al., 1998). Since its advent, interest in telework as an alternative to the traditional office setting for organizations has continued to grow (Siha & Monroe, 2006). Accomp anying this interest has been a dramatic increase in the number of American teleworkers (Hill et al., 1998). Though an exact number of telecommuters has been difficult to quantify due to the lack of a universal definition, research estimated that the number of teleworkers increased more than tenfold in a decade to roughly 22% of the American workforce in 2001 (Gibson et al., 2